SteamyTea

Yes. R is quite simple as it just allows for the thickness of the material, really just a stepping stone between k-value and U-value. Just be wary that imperial units are often used, they will give odd results.

Daily standing charge. I went out with Noah's wife.

Yes. The VCL needs to be sealed at all edges/interfaces. Treat it as just another R-value to add to the others. The reason it changes with temperature is to do with convection, but not worth calculating really, just pick the worse values.

They are really simple. The vapour control layer stops internal air, which in the UK, has a higher humidity level, as it is generally warmer than outside air, from escaping in an uncontrolled manner into the building structure, where it can condense to liquid water. The wind tight layer, allies water vapour (a gas) to pass through, but not liquid water. Think of it as a one way valve. The wind tight layer also reduces the air speed to virtually zero. This stops cold air 'washing' over and through the insulation. There is also the internal and external air films to consider, I think the values change with temperature, just to make it more fun. R-value if 0.25 external and 0.68 internal come to mind.

Why caravanners wife swap. I got an Avondale twin axles for mine.

Don't, go and buy a proper set of spanners, and spend more than a £ on them.

Both my neighbours had roof work done (unnecessarily) over the last couple of years. I seem to remember that roofs are not covered by the party wall agreement, and on terraces they are allowed to lift some of the other tiles. https://www.desmondeassociates.co.uk/news/serving-a-party-wall-act-1996-notice-cornwall-uk#:~:text=Re-roofing Party Wall Act,any upcoming works as courtesy.

Going to rain then. Thanks

@craig Your advice is probably needed here, I can't see the details too well on my phone.

There are standard torque settings for bolts, does depend on what grade they are. A skilled fitter will know the Nm off by heart.

You need to add the mass of 7 pints of strong ale to that, then you can fall over easier.

Is that why the Rover K series engine was so reliable, the head bolts were torqued to yield. "Tighten it till it goes loose, then back half a turn" Why not a blob of weld?

Depends how dense they are. The lateral re4sistance of the wall is a function of the mass and gravity. The one problem with block is that the catastrophic failure point is often lower than a timber stud wall.

Isn't that what caravans are made from? To answer the question, you need to know the intrinsic λ value of the materials.

If it is a non structural wall i.e. not holding up a roof or ceiling, then it does not really matter. Sound transmission is a different issue. While density does help, it stops air movement via a damping effect, shape makes a difference as well, shape scatters, diffuses and causes interference to the returning pressure wave.

It will be fine as long as it is set up to UK standards.

Welcome. You need to chat to @Onoff, he can explain all about building gate pillars, for years. https://forum.buildhub.org.uk/topic/6101-gate-pillars/

The panel amps will be under standard testing condutions, so they may well produce more when colder and solar power is higher. "Standard test conditions (STC) is commonly used and assumes 1000 W/m2 solar irradiance, AM1.5 spectrum, and a cell temperature of 77°F(25°C). AM1.5 spectrum refers to a 1.5-atmosphere thickness (air mass or AM) corresponding to a solar zenith angle of around 48°." https://eepower.com/technical-articles/understanding-pv-system-standards-ratings-and-test-conditions/

Not worth the effort, open a shaded window.

Cleaner ship emissions may warm the planet far faster than expected A 2020 rule that slashed air pollution from ships may have boosted global temperatures sooner than thought, helping to explain why 2023 was so hot By James Dinneen 30 May 2024 A 2020 rule put limits on harmful sulphur dioxide pollution in shipping emissions Robert McGouey / Industry / Alamy A sharp drop in sulphur dioxide emissions from ships since 2020 may warm the planet more than expected this decade, although researchers disagree on the magnitude of this change in temperature. “If our calculation is right, that would suggest this decade will be really warm,” says Tianle Yuan at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Combined with background warming due to rising greenhouse gas concentrations, the added heat could mean 2023’s record-breaking temperatures will be the “norm” in coming years, he says. Yuan compared the sudden rise in temperature to the “termination shock” that might occur if a solar geoengineering project to curb warming were to suddenly end without a corresponding decline in greenhouse gas emissions. However, other climate researchers say there are issues with the new numbers. “This is a timely study, but it makes very bold statements about temperature changes and geoengineering which seem difficult to justify on the basis of the evidence,” says Laura Wilcox at the University of Reading in the UK. The study adds to an ongoing debate among climate scientists about the consequences of an International Maritime Organization (IMO) rule that slashed the amount of sulphur dioxide pollution in shipping emissions after 2020. That added air pollution from burning heavy marine fuel was linked to tens of thousands of deaths each year. However, those aerosols also had a cooling effect on the climate by reflecting solar radiation directly as well as through their brightening influence on clouds over the ocean. Researchers expected that slashing those emissions would result in some warming due to the loss of sulphur dioxide’s cooling effects. But the magnitude of anticipated warming ranged widely. Yuan and his colleagues have now estimated the warming effect of the 2020 rule using satellite observations of cloud conditions, along with mathematical models of how clouds might change in response to the expected reduction in sulphur aerosols. The researchers calculate the drop increased the amount of solar energy heating the oceans by between 0.1 and 0.3 watts per square metre, around double that of some earlier estimates. This effect was more acute in areas of the ocean with lots of shipping activity: the North Atlantic, which has been anomalously hot since last year, experienced a warming influence more than triple the average, according to the study. The researchers then calculated how this warming influence, known as “radiative forcing”, would change global temperatures, using a simplified climate model that leaves out the influence of the deep ocean. They found the 2020 change translated to an additional rise of about 0.16°C in global average temperatures in the seven years after emissions dropped, effectively doubling the rate of warming during that period compared with previous decades. “This forcing is not a greenhouse gas forcing. It’s a shock,” says Yuan. “So it’s going to be a blip in the temperature record for this decade.” The new numbers are on the high end, but are in line with estimates using other methods, says Michael Diamond at Florida State University. The modelled results match those from a study that directly measured the change in clouds after 2020 in one region of the Atlantic Ocean, for instance. However, other researchers dispute how the team calculated the resulting change in global temperatures. Zeke Hausfather at Berkeley Earth, a climate think tank, says the researchers conflated warming influence over the oceans with warming over the entire planet, and that their simplified climate model found a more rapid temperature rise than would occur in reality. “It’s really hard to justify more than 0.1°C warming in the near term using modern climate models,” says Hausfather. If the new estimates prove accurate, however, it could help explain some of the huge jump in temperatures seen over the past year. Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels and a shift to El Niño conditions were responsible for most of the heat, but a still unexplained gap has fuelled discussion about whether climate change may be accelerating. “[The change in shipping emissions] goes some way towards closing the gap that we perceive,” says Gavin Schmidt at NASA. But “it’s not the whole story”. Journal reference Communications Earth and Environment DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01442-3 ESA's EarthCARE studies cloud physics to improve climate models By David Stock Sent into orbit aboard a Space X Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, the European Space Agency has successfully launched EarthCARE or Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer, an advanced cloud-research satellite. Designed to study cloud dynamics, it will soon be providing climate scientists and meteorologists with accurate data about the complex interactions between clouds, aerosols and radiation, helping them devise better climate models, predict extreme weather events and provide more accurate assessments of future warming, helping guide climate science and policy. “Clouds are the largest source of uncertainty in climate prediction, “says Robin Hogan, principal scientist at the European centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ECMWF). “EarthCARE is going to give us much, much more detail about the actual properties of clouds, so enable us to understand them, to hopefully narrow this range of uncertainty”, Says Hogan. EarthCARE deploys a suite of instruments including radar, lidar, and a broadband radiometer which provide insight into cloud dynamics, the role of aerosols and how different formations contribute to planetary warming or cooling depending on whether they reflect the sun’s radiation or absorb it. The onboard radar penetrates deep into clouds, measuring the speed of particles in the atmosphere. This enables researchers to better understand precipitation and how air rises inside clouds, a driver of thunderstorms. The lidar instrument uses ultraviolet light to detect ice and aerosols in clouds, and, for the first time discern differences in sizes and types of particles from soot to sea salt, sand or other pollutants, giving detailed information on the impact they have on atmospheric heating and cooling, which is measured by the broadband radiometer. The satellite will now undergo a calibration phase to test the validity of the onboard instruments before scientific data collection can begin, a process expected towards the end of the year. “We’ve got lots of scientific work to do, of course,” says Hogan, “but we’ve got every reason to believe that this is going to be a step change in our understanding of how we should represent clouds in our climate models to make better predictions of climate in the future.”

Would need some data about it. Size, U-value, temperature ranges and frequencies.

Greenbelt was never ment to be zero development, unfortunately it is thought of as such by way too many people. The schools/hospitals/roads/public services arguement is so bogus that it should be discounted at the very beginning. If those public services are needed, then they will be built. Staffing is a totally different problem.

Or just build more stock. I wish I could stop selling meals to people with pets, children, an Audi, and unfamiliar accents. As it is, I just order more stuff in, then thrown a quarter of it in the bin after it has been left by the customers.

Wee Love maybe.

Welcome. Are you saying you are not happy with the work done?