The load on in the shed will be no more than 16 amps.
The earthing on the house is an earth rod.
it would be very very hard to run a new line from the current CU to the shed.
To be honest it’s more looking like the welder may not be an option using the current 2.5 wiring going to the shed without running into issues. I could change the MCB to a type C or D but to accommodate for the surge in power but am not in favour.
I will have to look further at selectivity between the rcd between the house and the shed