Thanks ever so much everyone; really helpful response.
I cleaned the corroded cable ends (that is the end outside the plastic) back to copper using dilute hydrochloric acid and rinsing/drying. It looks like corrosion has crept up the CPC right into the flat sheathing. Assuming that's the same for the phase and neutral (and that it's very damp as well), will that be enough to allow current to leak past the plastic insulation surrounding the copper core? I have blown through the conduit between box 5 and the suspect box 6, and there is no water pooling inside.
The earth leakage clamp test was done with all the board energised; I thought that would indicate if there was any significant loss elsewhere.
The maximum load likely to be taken from any appliance in this particular room will never exceed 7 amps, so a 20A RCBO/MCB will be fine if I decide to convert to a radial as suggested by #FuerteStu. I'll start by isolating the run between the suspect socket 6 and socket 5; if it holds then I guess I'll be ordering a 20A MCB.
(Just as an aside, I did put 12v DC down the ring and got no voltage drop whatsoever, but I'm guessing this would not be enough voltage to expose any fault. I think a Megger uses 500v DC or something?)
Anyway, thanks again for the very positive and constructive suggestions; I'll post the progress (or not, as the case might be).